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1. Celestia is a free real-time space simulation that lets you experience our universe in three dimensions. Unlike most planetarium software, Celestia doesn't confine you to the surface of the Earth.
2. Celestius, (flourished 5th century), one of the first and probably the most outstanding of the disciples of the British theologian Pelagius (q.v.). Like Pelagius, Celestius was practicing law in Rome when they met.

Caelestius (or Celestius) was the major follower of the Christian teacher Pelagius and the Christiandoctrine of Pelagianism, which was opposed to Augustine of Hippo and his doctrine in original sin, and was later declared to be heresy.

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Development of Caelestius' doctrines[edit]

It is believed Caelestius met Pelagius in the late 4th century in the city of Rome. Pelagius emphasized that Christians were required by God to struggle against evil behavior using the teachings of the Bible and the example of the Christian saints (although he also affirmed repeatedly in Church proceedings and in a letter to the pope that grace assisted the will in all good actions).

For several decades before the doctrine of sin was fully worked out by the Roman Catholic Church, this teaching brought both of them into numerous theological disputes about the nature of sin with several Christian leaders in the church.

Among them were the Bishop of the northern African Roman province of Hippo, Augustine (later known as 'Saint Augustine,') and the theologian Jerome. Augustine especially did more than any other Father of the Church to develop the doctrine of original sin, mostly in reaction to his disputes with Pelagius and Caelestius, which remain in Augustine's numerous writings.

It should be mentioned when assessing the alleged teachings and sayings of Caelestius and Pelagius that the works of neither exist today, although fragments of what is believed to be their writings remain quoted in the works of Augustine and Jerome.

Caelestius also went much further than Pelagius in stating that the sin of Adam, as chronicled in the Biblical Book of Genesis had only harmed himself, and not all of humanity, as Augustine had taught in his writings and sermons (Pelagius has been accused of starting this teaching, but in fact he anathematized the opinions of Caelestius at the Synod of Lydda in 415 A.D., as well as in a letter to the pope shortly thereafter). In several books on the topic, Augustine also argued that Pelagius and Caelestius neglected to take God's divine grace into account. Augustine believed Adam's sin ('Fall') in the Garden of Eden had caused human beings to lose the ability to not sin. ('non posse non peccare' in Latin) and therefore, all good deeds done by Christians come from them being enabled by God to do good. In contrast, Pelagius believed that God gave the power of free will to all men, not just Christians, in such a way that no one was forced into sin (Augustine even wrote certain remarks that seemed to imply that any such forced action would not in fact be sinful). Caelestius again appears to have gone beyond this and denied that Christian goodness is due to grace, on the grounds that this would imply that if any Christian sinned, it was because God's grace had failed; once again at the Synod of Lydda Pelagius anathematized this position (although he stated that he did not mean to indicate whether they were Caelestius' opinions or not).

Persecution[edit]

Skate for speed mac os. After they left Rome when it was attacked and burned by the Visigoths in 410, Pelagius and Caelestius faced constant attacks against their teachings by Augustine, Jerome and their followers, who sought to have the Pope declare their views 'heretical,' or contrary to Christian teachings.

In 411, the same year they arrived in North Africa, Caelestius faced a council in Carthage to defend his views. His accuser, the deacon Paulinus of Milan, listed six of Caelestius' ideas to be counted as heresies, but it is worth noting there is no recorded confirmation that Caelestius identified his views in the same way:

1. Even if Adam had not sinned, he would have died.
2. Adam's sin did not harm the entire human race.
3. Children are born into the same state Adam was born into.
4. The whole human race neither dies through Adam's sin nor is saved through Christ's resurrection.
5. The law gives entrance to heaven as well as the gospel.
6. Before Jesus some men lived without sin.

The fragmented transcripts of this council can be found under the section below entitled Related links and sources.

Council of Carthage[edit]

Caelestius refused to retract his views and when the above six points were condemned, the synod denied him ordination. He first intended to object and appeal to the Pope but instead left for Ephesus and was ordained there. Throughout their career, both Pelagius and Caelestius found a more welcome reception in the Eastern Roman Empire for their teachings than in the west. This same view is also shared by the German Protestant theologian Hans von Campenhausen in his book 'The Fathers of the Church' when discussing the relationship of pelagianism with the orthodox champion Saint Augustine.^[1]

Later, it is recorded that Pelagius claimed in a synod that he did not agree with all of Caelestius' teachings. In Carthage, two local synods formed and condemned Pelagius and Caelestius without their presence. After being banished from Constantinople and condemned by Pope Innocent, Caelestius brought his case to Pope Zosimus. Zosimus was initially impressed by Caelestius' confessions of faith. However, after a new synodal letter of the African council of May 1, 418 to the pope, and after the steps taken by the emperor Honorius against the Pelagians, Zosimus was convinced both Caelestius and Pelagius were heretics. Zosimus issued his Tractoria, in which Pelagianism and its authors were finally condemned. No further information is known about Caelestius after this time.

Caelestius was again condemned at the First Council of Ephesus in 431.

The teachings of Pelagius and Caelestius were taken up by the Bishop Julian of Eclanum (ca. 386 - 454.)

Notes[edit]

1. ^Campenhausen, The Fathers of Church (Hendrickson, 1998)

Writings By Caelestius[edit]

• Unnamed Books by Caelestius
• Written Statement Of Belief by Caelestius
• The Definitions, So It Is Said, Of Coelestius Possibly by Caelestius

See also[edit]

Related links and Sources[edit]

• See On the Merits and Remission of Sins by St. Augustine
• Anonymous. Original Sin. In The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI. Online edition accessed January 10, 2006. [1]
• Anonymous. Pelagianism. In The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI. Online edition accessed January 10, 2006. [2]

These advanced steps are primarily for system administrators and people who are familiar with the command line. You don't need a bootable installer to upgrade macOS or reinstall macOS, but it can be useful when you want to install it on multiple computers without having to download the installer each time.

What you need to create a bootable installer

• A USB flash drive or other secondary volume formatted as Mac OS Extended, with at least 14 GB of available storage
• A downloaded installer for macOS Big Sur, Catalina, Mojave, High Sierra or El Capitan

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• Download: macOS Big Sur, macOS Catalina, macOS Mojave or macOS High Sierra
  These will be downloaded to your Applications folder as an app called Install macOS [version name]. If the installer opens after download, quit it without continuing the installation. To get the correct installer, download from a Mac that is using macOS Sierra 10.12.5 or later, or El Capitan 10.11.6. For enterprise administrators, please download from Apple, not a locally hosted software update server.
• Download: OS X El Capitan
  This will be downloaded as a disk image called InstallMacOSX.dmg. On a Mac that is compatible with El Capitan, open the disk image and run the installer within, which has the name InstallMacOSX.pkg. It installs an app named Install OS X El Capitan into your Applications folder. You will create the bootable installer from this app, not from the disk image or .pkg installer.

Use the 'createinstallmedia' command in Terminal

1. Connect the USB flash drive or other volume that you're using for the bootable installer.
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Big Sur:*

Catalina:*

Mojave:*

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El Capitan:

* If your Mac is using macOS Sierra or earlier, include the --applicationpath argument and installer path, similar to the way this was done in the command for El Capitan.

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Use the bootable installer

Determine whether you're using a Mac with Apple silicon, then follow the appropriate steps:

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1. Plug the bootable installer into a Mac that is connected to the Internet and compatible with the version of macOS you're installing.
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Learn more

For more information about the createinstallmedia command and the arguments that you can use with it, make sure the macOS installer is in your Applications folder, then enter the appropriate path in Terminal:

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• Big Sur: /Applications/Install macOS Big Sur.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia
• Catalina: /Applications/Install macOS Catalina.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia
• Mojave: /Applications/Install macOS Mojave.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia
• High Sierra: /Applications/Install macOS High Sierra.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia
• El Capitan: /Applications/Install OS X El Capitan.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia

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A bootable installer doesn't download macOS from the Internet, but it does require an Internet connection to get firmware and other information specific to the Mac model.